mitragynine

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Mitragynine is the primary active alkaloid found in the leaves of the Mitragyna speciosa tree, commonly known as kratom. Kratom is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia, particularly Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Papua New Guinea. Mitragynine is responsible for most of kratom's psychoactive effects. Here are some key points about mitragynine:

• Structure: Mitragynine is an indole-based alkaloid.
• Molecular Formula: C23H30N2O4

• Mechanism of Action: Mitragynine primarily acts on the mu-opioid receptors in the brain, though it has a different chemical structure compared to traditional opioids. It also interacts with other receptor systems, including delta-opioid and kappa-opioid receptors, as well as adrenergic and serotonergic receptors.
• Effects: At low doses, mitragynine can act as a stimulant, providing increased energy, alertness, and sociability. At higher doses, it tends to have sedative and analgesic (pain-relieving) effects, similar to opioids. It is also known for its potential to alleviate symptoms of opioid withdrawal.

• Traditional Uses: In traditional medicine in Southeast Asia, kratom leaves have been used for centuries to relieve pain, increase energy, and improve mood. It has also been used as a treatment for diarrhea and to manage opioid withdrawal symptoms.
• Modern Uses: Mitragynine is currently being studied for its potential therapeutic applications, including pain management, opioid addiction treatment, and as an alternative to traditional opioid medications.

• Safety: While mitragynine and kratom are considered to have some medicinal benefits, their safety profile is still under investigation. There are concerns about the potential for addiction, dependence, and adverse effects, particularly with long-term or high-dose use. Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, constipation, confusion, and in severe cases, respiratory depression.
• Legal Status: The legal status of mitragynine and kratom varies by country and, in some cases, by region within countries. In the United States, for example, kratom is legal in some states but banned in others. It is important to check local regulations regarding its use and distribution.

Mitragynine is a complex compound with a range of effects and potential uses, but it also comes with risks that need to be carefully managed. Ongoing research aims to better understand its pharmacology, therapeutic potential, and safety profile.

 PubMed Articles

1. Pharmacology of Kratom: An Emerging Botanical Agent with Stimulant, Analgesic, and Opioid-like Effects

• Link: Pharmacology of Kratom
• Summary: This article provides an overview of the pharmacological properties of kratom, including its primary alkaloid, mitragynine. It discusses the stimulant and opioid-like effects, potential therapeutic uses, and safety concerns.

2. 7-Hydroxymitragynine: An active Metabolite of Mitragynine and Mediator of Analgesic Effects

• Link: Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine
• Summary: This review focuses on the two main active compounds in kratom, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. It covers their pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and potential medicinal applications.

3. Mitragynine, Clinical, Toxicological Aspects and Analysis in Biological and non-Biological Samples

• Link: Clinical Toxicology
• Summary: This study investigates the binding properties of mitragynine to various receptors, including alpha-1 adrenergic and mu-opioid receptors, elucidating its mechanism of action.

4. Involvement of Mu-Opioid Receptor in the Antinociceptive Effect of Mitragynine

• Link: Mu-Opioid Receptor
• Summary: The research highlights the role of the mu-opioid receptor in the pain-relieving (antinociceptive) effects of mitragynine.

1. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) - Kratom

• Link: NCCIH Kratom Overview
• Summary: This page provides a comprehensive overview of kratom, including information on its active compounds, such as mitragynine, potential benefits, and risks.

2. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) - Kratom

• Link: NIDA Kratom Information
• Summary: This resource offers facts about kratom, including its pharmacological effects, potential health impacts, and concerns related to its use.

3. PubChem - Mitragynine

• Link: PubChem Mitragynine
• Summary: PubChem provides detailed chemical information about mitragynine, including its structure, properties, biological activities, safety, and toxicity data.

These resources should provide a solid foundation for understanding the properties, effects, and current research on mitragynine.

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